Seville, Spain. [gap height=»5″]The following are the important points summarizing the findings of the Indian part of the study:

• There has been a steep growth in population since 1991, especially in the cities of Bangalore, Delhi and Indore where it has almost doubled in two decades. This high growth in population due to urbanisation has lead to a sudden growth in travel demand.
• At a national level, India has a workforce participation rate of 39%, which is much lower compared to most of the developed countries like USA, Japan and Germany or even developing countries like China and Brazil where this percentage is more than 50%. Among the study cities, Bangalore leads with a rate of 38.5%, followed by Guwahati and Delhi.
• In terms of per capita GDP, India scores very low (1,509 USD)compared to the developed countries of Germany (44,021 USD), USA (48,112 USD) or even developing nations like China (5,445 USD).
• Bigger cities of Delhi and Bangalore have a higher transit usagewhile the smaller cities have a higher two wheeler penetration.
• The public transit usage is very low for the cities of Lucknow, Indore and Guwahati. For Delhi, metro rail forms the majority of public transit travel.Between Delhi and Bangalore, although the area of both the cities is comparable, the passenger km per person per day by public transport for Delhi is more than twice of that of Bangalore suggesting heavy usage of the metro services in Delhi.
• The cost of transit is much lower compared to the cities around the world. But due to the high economic disparity found in Indian cities, even the low cost is not affordable to a high proportion of population in the cities.
• The length of reserved transit routes in meter per thousand population is 0.82 for Bangaloreand 10.07 for Delhi, however it is much higher for cities like, Berlin (140.16) and Tokyo (92.39).
• Two wheelers also form a major share of tripsspecially in the smaller cities of Indore and Lucknow where the transit supply is insufficient
• Among the five cities, the number of two wheelers is highest for Indore where there is almost one two-wheeler for every two persons. The growth though, has been the highest for Bangalore.
• Even though the car ownership in Indian cities is much lower compared to other countries, it is growing at a fast rate. It increased by 23-75% in the sample cities in four years since 2007.The highest number of cars per thousand population is found in Delhi, but the growth has been the highest for Bangalore.
• The number of registered passenger cars per 1000 population in India is extremely low (16) compared to developed countries like USA (423), Germany (517), Japan a (453).
• The government policies, as of now, do little to control car ownership. The only dis- incentive for buying cars is the high cost of ownership and higher fuel prices compared to the cities in developed countries.
• Along with the ownership rates, the Passenger and Vehicles km travelled have also increased significantly. This growth has been higher for the cities where the transit supply is not enough.
• The vehicle registration cost is very high for Bangalore.Delhi, on the other hand has a very low registration cost for both cars and two wheelers, which is one of the factors responsible for the higher number of personal vehicles there.
• Even though the city size is comparable for Delhi and Bangalore, the car km per population per day for Delhi is more than twice of that in Bangalore. Lucknow and Indore have a very low car usage compared to Delhi and Bangalore.
• The road length per population is much lower in Indiacompared to the cities in developed countries. It ranges from 0.79 meter (m) per population in Indore to 2.06 m per population in Guwahati.
• Irrespective of the size, all the cities are facing similar issues of congestion with a peak hour speed ranging from 15 to 20
• It is observed that the fatalities per million population due to road accidents is much a higher in case of second order metropolitan cities like Indore, Guwahati and Lucknow compared to the bigger cities of Delhi and Bangalore. The lower fatality rate in bigger cities is also explained by the higher public transit mode share, which is less prone to accidents.
• Compared to the national average (118 per million population), the fatality rate is higher for most of the sample cities.Again, it is interesting to note that even though the private vehicle ownership is India is much lower, the road fatalities per million population is much higher than what is found in the countries of Germany (45), Japan (45), Australia (61).
• The number of passenger cars produced per thousand population has been growing steadily in India, but it is still very low (2.63) as compared to countries like Japan where the number is 76 per thousand population.
• India imports majority of our oil consumption,but the consumption to production ratio has seen a decline over the last few years.
• Presently, India has a motorization rate of 121 Vehicles (i.e. Cars + two-wheelers) per thousand population. This is projected to increase to 230 Vehicles (i.e. Cars + two- wheelers) per thousand populations in 2020.
• The perceptions of experts from the expert group meeting suggest that Indian travel demand will increase greatly although mobility will be sensitive to the price of fuel.